Friction loss (h_f)

Friction loss is not calculated as a discrete, dynamically exposed variable based on hose diameter or length. The system uses predefined flow-response relationships to maintain a sense of realism while ensuring stability in a real-time training environment.

Flow is treated as an input derived from nozzle settings and valve position, with suppression intensity updating dynamically in response. Changing flow settings (e.g. 100 → 150 GPM) directly affects delivered volume, cooling rate, and suppression effectiveness. However, a non-linear hydraulic friction-loss model proportional to Q² and dependent on hose diameter and length is not explicitly solved in the first-generation system.